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Intersectionality and Violence in Politics

Participation
Parties and elections
TOU010
Liza Mügge
University of Amsterdam
Vibeke Wang
Chr. Michelsen Institute

Building: D, Floor: 3, Room: MD305

Tuesday 09:00 - 17:00 CEST (25/04/2023)

Wednesday 09:00 - 17:00 CEST (26/04/2023)

Thursday 09:00 - 17:00 CEST (27/04/2023)

Friday 09:00 - 17:00 CEST (28/04/2023)

Violence in politics poses a major threat to democracy. Political actors may experience physical or psychological violence in online and offline spaces. These spaces include parliamentary offices, the campaign trail, public space, one’s home and social media. Scholars define violence broadly to capture a wide range of forms varying from intimidation, stalking, threatening, attacks and so on. Some politics of gender scholars refer to violence against women political actors as a strategy to push women out of the political arena (Krook 2020). Others find that both men and women experience violence based on their political work, but that the forms of violence are gendered (Bardall et al. 2020; Bjarnegård 2018). While the literature on political violence is well developed and the scholarship on violence against women in politics is growing, little is known about intersectional effects. That is how – among others – race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, nation, ability and age operate not as unitary, mutually exclusive categories but as constructing phenomena that shape inequalities (Hill Collins 2015). Scholars of political representation increasingly embrace intersectionality to understand variation within and between groups. A handful of studies find that an intersectional lens is indispensable to understand violence in politics. For instance, young women of colour face the most extreme violence (IPU 2016). Standing on the shoulders of scholarship on violence against women in politics, this Workshop aims to contribute to the integration of intersectionality in theoretical, methodological and empirical research on political violence. We focus on three components of violence: 1. experiences 2. coping strategies and options 3. consequences We aim to understand these dynamics at the individual (e.g. elected official, bystander), collective (e.g. parties, social movements) and institutional level (e.g. parliament, state). Research on experiences, coping and consequences of violence at various levels is fragmented. Election studies have captured physical violence in the public sphere at an aggregate level, while studies of violence against women in politics have been biased towards the experiences of women, thus failing to demonstrate gendered differences between men and women political actors. Work on the gendered consequences of political violence is scarce. Studies on constraints for women in politics provide some pointers. Political parties are permeated by a culture of masculinity that negatively affects the working conditions for women. On top of attacks from political opponents and angry citizens, women may encounter violence within their own party. The #MeToo campaign demonstrated that political institutions need prevention strategies to sexual harassment. Strategies are often post hoc responses to a larger crisis in the organization. Existing work points to awareness-raising campaigns and training to transform structural abusive cultures. Yet, there are many unanswered questions about how victims and bystanders cope with violence, what response systems are in place, and how effective these are.

The general findings that men and women are subject to different forms of violence and that there are significant differences among women political actors underline the urgency for intersectional research designs. This Workshop aims to attract submissions from scholars working on political violence, broadly defined, against political actors who do not belong to the cisgender, male, abled, heterosexual, highly educated political norm or so-called ‘space invaders’ (Puwar 2004). The Workshop will develop and expand upon existing research by addressing, intersectionally, experiences, coping strategies and consequences of violence. We understand actors as anyone who visibly or invisibly contributes to political processes, as elected or appointed official, aspirant, voter, activist, opposition leader, political advisor, support staff or journalist (cf. Krook 2020). The Workshop invites papers that address the following questions. Social positions  How do social positions like gender, ability, age, sexuality, race, ethnicity, class and/or religion shape experiences of political violence?  How do these experiences affect the broader professional, political and personal circles of targets?  How are forms of violence gendered and/or raced and so on?  In which kind of online and offline spaces do various forms of violence take place? Who are the perpetrators? Coping strategies  What coping strategies are adopted in response to violence and to what effect?  How do targets/survivors or bystanders do safety work?  How do political parties and political institutions contribute to safety work, care, protection and prevention?  How do coping options differ among targets depending on their political position (e.g. elected, opposition or activist)? Intersectionality  What are the intersectional, gendered and/or raced consequences of political violence on political participation and representation?  What are the consequences for the functioning of democracy and regimes more generally? Methodological challenges  What are the methodological challenges in studying violence with respect to the safety of research participants and researchers, the lack of data, measures, the sensitivity of the topic and the triggering effects this may have? To capture political violence in all its complexity, participants may study these questions in various subfields of the discipline, including political representation and participation, international relations, political theory, social movements and public policy. We invite theoretical, qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods studies drawing on large-N or small-N comparisons or in-depth case studies. Theoretically work might depart from a range of perspectives rooted in, for example, the politics of gender, race, disability, sexuality, migration or combinations thereof. The Workshop invites Papers from a growing body of junior and senior scholars working on political violence, researching different geographic regions. In conversation, the Workshop aims to develop an integrated intersectional framework for the study of political violence in contemporary politics.

Title Details
Dropping Out of Politics? The Effects of Sexism and Gender-Based Violence on Political Ambition and Recruitment View Paper Details
Who encounters violence, how, and by whom? Mapping intersectional violence against politicians in Belgium View Paper Details
An intersectional exploration of the UK’s policy framework to address gendered violence, harassment and abuse experienced by politicians View Paper Details
Beyond gender parity and laws, violence against women in politics as a persisten problem: A Comparative Study of Women and Men Candidates from Bolivia’s Local and National Elections (2020-2021) View Paper Details
Understanding violence against judges through a gendered lens View Paper Details
To serve and protect. How political parties prevent and handle violence, and whether it matters View Paper Details
The Cost of Doing Politics in Ireland View Paper Details
The Cost of Doing Politics Online: Sources and Consequences of Political Toxicity View Paper Details
Intersectional Repertoires of Coping with Political Violence: German Members of Parliament with a Migration Background View Paper Details
It’s just a joke. How age and gender condition reactions to intra-party violence View Paper Details
Moral Politics, Regime Stability, and Political Violence in Uganda View Paper Details
Media Effects and Gender-Based Violence in Politics View Paper Details
Curbing violence through exclusion? Towards a new conceptualization of democratic exclusion in the context of digital public venues View Paper Details
An Intersectional and Post-Colonial Feminist Reading of Female Politicians’ political practices, tactics, and experience of violence in France post-2012 View Paper Details
Responding to intersecting forms of political violence View Paper Details
More than Gender: Online Violence and Kenya´s 2022 Parliamentary Elections View Paper Details