Governance by Numbers and Algorithms: Accountability and Unintended Consequences

We are increasingly being governed by numbers and algorithms that are now used for critical decisions ranging from automatization of our daily lives to algorithmic reasoning in global markets. Yet there are many open questions about the emerging modes of governance by numbers and algorithms, particularly concerning democratic accountability. The increasing use of numerical information and algorithms is bound to emphasize the role of expert knowledge and deference to expertise as means of accountability. Furthermore, there is a drive for performance that creates tension with political and bureaucratic accountability. On the other hand, new information resources and big data analysis could be seen to empower citizens and provide new means for participatory governance and deliberation. My paper explores the possibilities and challenges that the use of indicators and algorithms poses to governance and accountability. It pays particular attention to the notion of unintended consequences that are often seen to plague numerical governance. Furthermore, the paper asks if these effects rather count as constitutive effects of numerical governance.