Ideological Inconsistency in Parties’ Positions and Partisanship

There is a growing consensus that new political fault lines are emerging and scholars increasingly characterize party competition as multidimensional. However, the level and nature of change differ widely between countries, resulting in variation in the extent to which new fault lines cross-cut existing ideological oppositions. It has been argued that such differences are important, because the cross-cuttingness of parties' positions on different ideological dimensions determines the clarity of parties' brands and shapes party attachments. Most of what we know about the connection between parties' positions, brand clarity and partisanship relies on expert- or manifesto-based estimates of the positions that parties take, forcing scholars to assume that voters are perfectly informed about parties' positions on multiple dimensions. To address this limitation, we collected original survey data in 11 countries (9 in Europe) where we asked respondents to position parties on six different issues, capturing economic, social, and cultural divisions. Our design allows connecting citizens' perceptions of the space of party competition in their country to their views about the clarity of parties' ideological brands and measures of partisanship. Using this novel dataset, we provide unique individual-level insights into the ways party positions and the restructuring of party competition shape party attachments.