How

Rail transport is today a major issue for Public Policy, to cope with major challenges of growing urbanization, with mastering gaz emissions, and enabling enregy efficient transport. How to organize the industry to enforce genuine economical efficiency, through competition, innovation and public control is on the top of EU''policy debates, but is also a major concern worldwide. Emblematic as Rail is to Public Sector, transformation changes will have a strong political impact. Paper proposes to analyze the organization of the Rail industry, defining the list of relevant types of actors, their relationships, and reviewing the major relevant issues for Governance and Regulation. Answers to these issues may depend on national history, geography, and economical priorities. Authors would like highlight that governance issues are really crucial to enforce a genuine and successful renewing of the rail industry, and propose an agenda to face major regulation issues