A coherent “international moral tribune” in action: assessing the European Parliament ́s reactions to the conflicts between Israel-Palestine and between Russia-Ukraine

A now-fast expanding academic literature on parliamentary diplomacy (for a review, see Stavridis 2021) confirms that parliamentarians and parliamentary bodies of all types and forms act as international moral tribunes (see inter alia: Malamud and Stavridis 2011: 105-106; Fiott 2015: 4-7; Miller 2025: 2-8). This literature has clearly identified the European Parliament (EP) as a leading “international moral actor” in world affairs (Feliu and Serra 2015; Immenkamp and Bentzen 2019; Glahn 2019; Bacarani and Santini 2023; see also: Reidi 2015; Gawrich 2017). By analyzing the EP´s reactions to the Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Palestine conflicts, including all-out wars, this study will address two of the EP´s “success stories” in its declarations and actions as an international moral tribune. It will use mainly EP resolutions, plenary debates, and other relevant parliamentary documents, as well as expanding on existing secondary sources to produce an empirically-based analysis (building on several sources, inter alia.: Gianniou 2016; Shemer-Kunz 2017; Stavridis 2023; Němečková and Karásková 2024).