Why Some Municipalities Lead in Radical and Inclusive Climate Action: Insights from Norway

Emissions are not reduced fast enough, and people are increasingly skeptical of climate action policies. Local governments can tailor effective climate policies to the local context and include citizens in this process and, hence, be a vital force in counteracting both ineffectiveness and popular climate backlash. Yet, this role hinges on local governments’ ability to be radical and inclusive in their climate action. This study investigates the local drivers of the content of local climate action plans, with a focus on the interplay between size, political factors and the role of individuals as policy entrepreneurs. A three-step methodology is used, combining machine-learning based content analysis with multivariate regression and qualitative interviews with local politicians and bureaucrats. The results shed light on why some municipalities emphasize radical change and participation to a larger degree than others. This knowledge is important for ensuring just and effective transitions.