Hard, Soft, Smart: Political Power Implementations in International Relations

Abstract

As concepts of hard, soft and smart power are becoming more popular, debates on how soft power relates to hard power are attracting more attention. Even though this relationship is quite often presented as a continuum, there are enough real world examples when it is impossible to separate the exercise of hard power from soft power. Where is an attraction of culture, political values and foreign policies ends and coercion is starting to override co-optation? Can soft power be accumulated effectively without hard power? How does an actor need to balance them to be successful in the world arena? What is effective use of means and resources of hard, soft and smart power? In the light of the rise of new centers of power, that consider the current international system unfair and aim to change it, these questions turn from theoretical into practical ones. Thus, this panel invites contributions that share a commitment to analysis of political power concepts and empirical studies of power implementations by various states.

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