Socio-Cultural Dynamics of Gender Parity Concept and Policies in Indigenous Contexts: Zapotec Muxes Case Study (Oaxaca, Mexico)

This paper analyzes the implications of implementing binarist gender quotas and parity policies within the Zapotec community of Juchitán de Zaragoza in Oaxaca, Mexico, which historically recognizes “Muxes” as a distinct third gender. By exploring the transfer of parity policies rooted in a binary, urban, and modern framework, the study aims to understand their impact on the unique identity of the Muxes. Drawing from Bhabha’s concept of hybridity and a postcolonial critique, the research examines the mixture of generic gender expressions and pre-colonial forms of socioeconomic organization within the context of modernity. The imposition of gender dichotomy, combined with globalized views regarding women and the LGBTQ+ community, poses challenges for the Muxe community, which resists predefined categorizations. Additionally, a post-structuralist lens highlights the resilience of the Muxe community in the face of external pressures imposed by gender institutionalization. Using a mixed-methods approach, this study combines quantitative statistical data with qualitative data, including content analysis of legal advancements in gender parity in Juchitán and existing interviews with Muxes. This approach provides insights into how Muxes navigate this new level of hybridity. This paper argues that the recent incorporation of gender quotas reshapes Zapotec sociopolitical organization and compels Muxes to choose between binary identities, contrary to their desire to fight from their unique space. Contributing to the ongoing discourse on gender quotas in Mexico, this research offers a nuanced perspective that escapes binarism in legislation. It raises critical questions about the impact of progressive gender policies on indigenous communities, using the Zapotecs as a case study where a third gender is an intricate part of their social structure. The study emphasizes the importance of adapting gender policies to indigenous contexts, considering Muxes' experiences and ethnic origin, and highlighting their historical role within their community.