In an increasingly globalised world, cross-border migration under the EU''s provision of free movement of labour has led to many citizens living and working for protracted periods in states other than their own. Although some pan-European agreement has been reached on voting rights for the European Parliament, the enfranchisement of non-citizens and expatriates varies across the EU in every other aspect. This has important implications for rights of citizenship, equality of representation, justice and the legitimacy of government. Elaborating on the normative and legal aspects of other papers in the panel, the paper examines the methodology of comparing voting rights across different groups of citizens and countries. With the aid of case studies, it builds a typology of voting and counting rights to analyse how non-citizens and non-residents are represented relative to their their native and resident counterparts across Europe. What implications does this have for their political representation and role as citizens in a cross-national context?
