Voting in Turmoil: Challenges and Solutions for Democratic Elections During Crises

Free, fair, and competitive elections are fundamental to democratic governance, yet they face significant vulnerabilities during wars and emergencies. Crises disrupt electoral processes through organisational and logistical challenges, heightened security risks, and the displacement of voters, often threatening the foundations of democratic systems. Beyond these practical obstacles, crises can erode public trust in institutions, intensify political polarisation, and facilitate democratic backsliding. This paper explores the diverse challenges of conducting elections under extraordinary circumstances and offers strategies to mitigate these risks while safeguarding democratic integrity. This research provides a thorough analysis of historical and contemporary case studies to explore how nations have managed elections during wars and emergencies, with a particular emphasis on recent pandemics and wartime conditions. One central to the study is the Ukrainian experience, which offers a compelling example of how democratic systems can adapt to extreme wartime conditions. The research evaluates some key approaches that might be used in this regard, highlighting their potential to mitigate electoral challenges. The paper also engages with the broader theoretical implications of conducting elections in crises, contributing to the emerging discourse on ’wartime democracy’ and crisis governance. It argues that delaying elections under extreme circumstances can be a legitimate measure and should not automatically be viewed as democratic backsliding. However, for democracies to navigate such situations effectively, the research underscores the importance of establishing clear legislative guidelines for electoral postponements, both within national legal frameworks and through the development of international standards. Ultimately, the study emphasises the imperative of upholding democratic processes, even in the most adverse conditions. It highlights the critical role of proactive planning, resilient institutional frameworks, and international collaboration in safeguarding elections as a cornerstone of representation and legitimacy. The findings offer actionable insights for policymakers, election administrators, and civil society actors seeking to navigate the complexities of elections during wars and emergencies. This contribution aims to inspire further research and dialogue on the resilience of democracy in the face of adversity, highlighting its capacity not only to survive but to evolve under pressure.