The Politics of Exclusion: Trans Identity in a Shifting Political Landscape

An intersection of international definitions of transgender identity with non-Western queer identities brings forth significant complexities that have been shaped by cultural and political contexts. This paper explores how international legal frameworks, and global queer discourses often silence and render invisible non-Western transgender identities, focusing on the experiences of the Hijra & Nupi Manbi community in India. While Western-centric definitions of transgender identity have shaped both policy and activism, they frequently marginalize indigenous gender expressions, erasing their histories and cultural significance. For instance, terms like "transgender" may not fully encapsulate the diverse gender expressions and identities found in cultures such as the Nupi Manbi in Manipur, India who have a long-standing historical presence and distinct cultural significance. Moreover, the rise of Trans-Exclusionary Radical Feminism (TERF) and right-wing populist (RWP) ideologies poses additional challenges. These movements often advocate for rigid gender binaries, undermining the validity of transgender identities and perpetuating stigma against non-Western queer communities. The influence of TERF ideology can be particularly assertive in regions where traditional gender roles are already deeply entrenched, leading to increased discrimination and violence against transgender individuals. Thus, the interplay of international definitions of transgender identity with non-Western queer identities requires a sympathetic reading concerning these complex formations of gender. By centring the lived realities of Hijra and Nupi Manbi, the paper highlights the urgent need for intersectional and culturally sensitive approaches to gender justice. Ultimately, it proposes pathways for amplifying marginalized voices and fostering legal and social recognition for diverse gender identities in both local and global contexts.