Affective Polarization in Europe: New Comparative Perspectives on its Causes and Consequences for Liberal Democracies

Abstract

A growing amount of evidence suggests that citizens across Europe have become increasingly hostile towards individuals who hold political beliefs and opinions different from their own. This affective polarization is not only viewed as a major threat to the functioning of a political system, but also appears to be impacting the societal and politico-cultural foundations of liberal democracies. Despite an increasing scientific attention on this phenomenon, the effects of affective polarization remain largely unexplored. The multitude of different theoretical conceptualizations and empirical measurements further complicates efforts to gain more insights. This is concerning as a better understanding of the drivers and consequences of affective polarization, as well as improved methods for its measurement, are essential in order to combat it. In light of this, the panel brings together different approaches to establish a cross-national comparative perspective on the subject. The papers presented at the panel employ novel survey data and measurements that allow new insights into the impact of affective polarization on European democracies. Do democracies take damage when affective polarization intensifies, or could it even enhance democratic resilience instead? How do partisan and issue-based forms of affective polarization come into play in this regard? What are the consequences for democratic culture when individuals become more hostile to each other, resorting to stereotyping and social avoidance of those with different views? By addressing these questions, the panel offers fresh insights into the consequences of affective polarization for democracy and social cohesion, as well as the underlying factors that may contribute to its rise. The panel’s goal is to illuminate the complex and multifaceted nature of affective polarization in Europe, highlighting the significance of considering issue-based and social dimensions beyond partisan identities.

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