I analyse four features that have been attributed to perfect duties of justice: function, directedness, rightful enforceability and specificity. I then argue that large-scale systemic human rights violations can give rise to duties of justice that lack the fourth feature, specificity, but have the other three features of perfect duties. I contend that the remedy for systemic violations is specifying and allocating, and enforcing, a schema of duties compliance with which would constitute the universal respecting of the corresponding right.
