In Smart cities, in New Public Management Reforms as well as in post Weberan administrative reforms the role of the citizen is highlighted in planning as well as monitoring (see the participatory rhombus). This can reinvigorate town planning and policy making as well as policy monitoring processes at the local level. Local governments in UK and China react by offering new channels for online participation. The new governance innovations allowed for more participation and more influence by citizen. In the following empirical data on local participation in Chinese and UK cities crowd sourcing instruments will be analyzed. How is this implemented? Who is participating?
