Variety of Euroscepticism in Times of Crisis: Portuguese Voters and MPs in Longitudinal Perspective

European integration has been an important element in the consolidation of Southern Europe democracies, reinforcing the cleavage between mainstream parties and anti-government parties. While governing forces have unconditionally supported the integration process, radical or extremist parties have developed more eurosceptic positions. However, the emergence of the crisis seems to have changed - at least partially - this picture. On the one hand, there has been a radicalization of Eurosceptic parties; on the other, traditional parties have experienced new divisions, especially in the case of Socialist Party. How have voters and representatives' attitudes towards Europe changed during the crisis? Were there bigger differences in pro and anti-European Union attitudes before and after the crisis period within parties? Has the adaptation that occurred at the MPs level reflect changes of the electorate? To answer these questions, this paper relies on mass and elite surveys conducted in Portugal between 2007 and 2016. The main argument is that there is a substantial variety of eurosceptical attitudes, that vary not only between parties, but also through time. In that sense, this study contributes to a better qualification of Euroscepticism, its determinants and the crisis' impact on eurosceptical orientations.