Institutional emulation in the context of the transposition of the EU Whistleblowing Directive

Efforts to institutionalize whistleblowing have increased since the beginning of the 21st century. Whilst comparative law studies exist, there is little extant research on what operational forms are used to make whistleblower protection real.In previous work, I used a 'varieties of capitalism' (VOC) approach to analyse institutionalization prior to the EU Whistleblowing Directive. The analysis identified three forms of emulation: auto-emulation where countries stick to their own institutional logic; international emulation where countries copy institutional designs from each other, and reverse-emulation where a copy of a copy leads to institutional innovation. In that sense, the emergence of a designated government agency for whistleblowing was an emerging reverse-emulation between the Netherlands and France. In this presentation I give an update on institutional emulations in the transposition of the EU Whistleblowing Directive.