Russia and Kazakhstan in the civil nuclear sector: an analysis of nuclear energy diplomacy and dependences

Numerous studies have analysed energy diplomacy concerning fossil fuels, oil and gas in particular, but very few have paid attention to nuclear power diplomacy. Yet, nuclear energy plays an important role in the plans of many states, particularly in the Global South, where growing energy demand must be squared with strategies to abate carbon emissions. Few countries have the resources and know-how that are necessary for nuclear energy production, hence other states need their support to develop and maintain the related infrastructure. This article examines the role of Russia and Kazakhstan in the international nuclear sector, with a focus on how their nuclear energy diplomacy operates and is evolving in the changing geopolitical context. Russia is the largest exporter of nuclear technology, enriched uranium and nuclear fuel, whereas Kazakhstan is the main exporter of uranium. The article shows that their nuclear energy diplomacy combines economic aspects – in the case of Russia, flexible business offers, financial support, comprehensive packages for the operation of plants – with political ones, such as relevant discussions in bilateral meetings of state leaders. The article discusses nuclear diplomacy in conjunction with the related issues of energy dependence, interdependence and weaponisation. These concepts have been central in International Relations literature focusing on oil and gas; however, when they are applied to the nuclear sector, its specific and distinct features must be taken into account.