Threatened by the “Other”? How Swiss Integration Policies Impact on Immigrant Perceptions Within the Framework of Reflective Solidarity

Reflective solidarity, a normative political theory that can be understood as the mutual expectation of a responsible orientation toward relationships, underscores the importance of acknowledging and transforming the potential for discord inherent in diversity. This approach aims to strengthen inter-subjective bonds and commitments by encouraging constructive engagement with diversities. In an era where immigrants are often framed within crisis narratives — as unconventional presences requiring urgent and exceptional measures to restore perceived order — it is essential not only to examine how they are integrated and included in their new contexts but also to consider how they are perceived by citizens, who frequently view their presence as a threat to the economy, security, and cultural values. Therefore, a deeper analysis of these perceptions becomes crucial for understanding broader social dynamics and fostering harmonious co-existence. This paper shows how the effective integration of migrants into society can reduce perceived threat levels among citizens, promoting reflective solidarity as an inclusive sense of unity that transcends the “us” versus “them” dichotomy in favor of a collective “we”. By examining specific societal challenges through this lens, and employing this concept as the main theoretical framework, the study assesses the impact of several integration policies on citizens’ perceptions of both realistic and symbolic threats in Switzerland, with a specific focus on cantonal-level actions, highlighting the critical role of local initiatives, frequently underestimated. Local actions could be better tailored to address specific community needs, making them more effective in promoting integration. Tailoring policies to fit the unique socio-economic and cultural context of each canton can significantly enhance their impact and address the nuanced challenges faced by local communities. This research contributes to the scientific literature on immigrants’ integration by shedding light on the complex interactions between integration programs and citizens’ threat perceptions. In particular, the findings indicate that inclusive integration policies can mitigate perceived threats, but their effectiveness varies depending on the specific type of policy and the nature of the threat. For instance, policies focused on cultural integration may address symbolic threats more effectively, while economic support initiatives can alleviate realistic concerns related to job competition. These results are consistent with the principles of reflective solidarity, as individuals in more inclusive societies report lower levels of perceived threat and a greater recognition of the value of diversity to the community. The creation of environments in which different social groups are both recognized and valued is a key aspect of the role played by inclusive policies in alleviating threat perceptions and enhancing social cohesion. Ultimately, fostering a culture of mutual respect and understanding is essential for the long-term success of such initiatives. These results support the view that reflective solidarity is not an abstract concept, but a practical framework that can inform effective policymaking. This framework provides policymakers with valuable insights into designing interventions that not only promote integration but also strengthen social trust and cohesion among all members of society.