Environmental Governance of China’s Belt and Road Initiative: A Case Study from Montenegro

China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is an ambitious effort to increase trans-continental connectivity and cooperation mainly through infrastructure investments and trade. On the one hand, the globally unparalleled initiative is expected to foster economic growth, but on the other hand, it can have substantial environmental effects. The BRI creates new challenges and opportunities for environmental governance as new actor constellations emerge in BRI host countries to plan and construct large-scale infrastructure projects. Although China has outlined its vision of building a “green Belt and Road”, it remains unknown how this ambition affects projects on the ground. As an example of a BRI project with clear environmental implications, we present a case study of the Bar-Boljare highway in Montenegro. We elucidate the complex web of actors and contractual arrangements involved, and demonstrate how domestic decision-making in the field of environmental governance is affected by internal and external pressures to safeguard the environment. Based on interviews with key stakeholders, we illustrate the role of actor networks, institutional set-ups, and international standards in environmental governance of the highway project in the aspiring EU member state in the Western Balkans. This article contributes towards a better understanding of China’s growing importance as global actor and increasingly active role in environmental governance, and what this means for Europe. This case is representative of a larger set of BRI projects in which geographically, socially and institutionally distant actors influence environmental governance in BRI host countries.